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Feel contaminated. I’m in a lab looking at my blood under a microscope. Instead of spotless red blood cells, some are stained by black spots. I am one of the first people in the world to see air pollution building up in my body.After our dose of London air, we return to the laboratory, where they prick my finger and prepare a blood sample for analysis.
Under the microscope we can easily see the red, disc-shaped cells that transport oxygen throughout our body.
It takes me a few minutes to see them, but then the air pollution becomes evident. It appears as small black dots attached to red blood cells.
They are fragments of carbon and other chemicals, like a miniature piece of coal, that come from the incomplete combustion of fuel. They are known as PM 2.5, because the particles have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers.
I’m not surprised to see air pollution; That’s why we are doing the experiment, but I can’t help the feeling of being dirty, contaminated… stained by it.
Researcher Norrice Liu has analyzed more than a dozen blood samples from volunteers as part of a study.
On average, one in every two or three thousand red blood cells contained a fragment of contamination that had been transported.
It may not seem like a lot, but compared to five liters of an adult’s blood, researchers estimate there could be 80 million red blood cells carrying pollution around our bodies.
“It’s a little disturbing to see that, right?” Liu says.
“Every time I walk down a busy street, I think about how much of this is circulating through my body… I just feel like I don’t want to be on the street for too long,” he adds.
I was standing next to an avenue for only 10 minutes. There was a lot of traffic, but it was not an extreme situation. Your blood probably looks like this too.
The team from Queen Mary University of London has shown that Air pollution levels in the blood decrease after about two hours of breathing clean air.
Grigg was quite surprised to see air pollution so visible in the blood, but says the key question is where it goes.
“You don’t exhale,” he explains; “Some can be filtered by the kidneys and expelled through urine.”
But the most likely answer is that the pollution particles are “moving through the lining of blood vessels and lodging in various organs”.
This research is beginning to explain why air pollution has been linked to so many health problems that go far beyond the lungs, including the brain and in babies still in the womb.
Deposits of black carbon from atmospheric pollution have been found in the human body, including in placentas, whose external analysis has been carried out after birth.
“There is no reason for one organ to be preferred over another, so they are most likely everywhere,” Liu says.
And there are other forms of air pollution, such as nitrogen oxides, which are gases invisible under a microscope but are known to cause damage.
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that 99% of the world’s population breathes polluted air, causing seven million deaths a year. A report from the Royal College of Physicians estimates that the figure in the United Kingdom is 30,000 deaths a year.
Stephen Holgate, who led that report, said there was no doubt that air pollution was damaging our health – “it’s clear, it’s a no-brainer” – and the most obvious evidence came from areas that were reducing air pollution and seeing the benefits.
But now that air pollution is “largely invisible,” unlike the smog of yesteryear, most of us don’t realize we’re breathing it and “we don’t really understand that everyday air pollution is harmful,” he says.
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