The last expedition of the European project “Beyond EPICA – Oldest Ice” took place at the Little Dome C site, at approximately 3,200 meters above sea level. An international collaboration coordinated by the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council (CNR-ISP) has completed the sampling of a 2.8 kilometer long ice core which represents the largest continuous archive ever recovered, capable of providing data on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate over the last 1.2 million years.
The operation required complex technical solutions, including the diversion of the main drill hole over two kilometers deep. This maneuver was designed to double the samples related to the “Middle Pleistocene Transition”, a time when the frequency of ice ages changed dramatically, going from 40,000 to 100,000 year cycles. The causes of this phenomenon are still being investigated and the data extracted could provide crucial answers on the sensitivity of the climate system.
Additionally, the team recovered fragments of the buried bedrock. The analysis of these materials will allow us to precisely determine the age of the ice sheet, establishing when the rock was last exposed to light before being submerged by ice.
A cutting-edge European research network
The samples taken are currently being analyzed in fourteen excellent laboratories distributed in ten European countries. Each research center specializes in specific analyzes to reconstruct the past environmental picture:
Analysis of impurities and dust: Managed by CNR-ISP, University of Florence and Milan-Bicocca, fundamental for reconstructing atmospheric circulation.
Isotopes of ice and gases: Analyzed by institutes such as Ca’ Foscari University, AWI Bremerhaven and the University of Bern to determine historical temperatures and the composition of air bubbles.
Dating and modeling: Developed by the IGE of Grenoble and the University of Utrecht to chronologically frame the Middle Pleistocene Transition.
“We faced unprecedented technological and engineering challenges in Antarctic glaciology“, explains Carlo Barbante, coordinator of Beyond EPICA. “We managed to achieve a historic result: allowing science to leaf through the oldest history book, that is, analyzing ice formed in the last 1.2 million years“.
The success of the mission is the result of a synergy between the European Commission and several national agencies, including the Italian ENEA and the French Polar Institute (IPEV)responsible for logistics management. The activities took place in extreme conditions, with average temperatures of -35°C, making use of the support of the Concordia station and the Laura Bassi icebreaker for the transport of the samples to Europe. The results of this research are destined to redefine current climate models, offering a long-term perspective on the planet’s natural variability.
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